1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based foaming representatives are derived primarily from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse spin-offs such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
Via regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful groups.
This twin fondness allows the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water user interfaces during mechanical aeration, decreasing surface stress and supporting bubble formation– an important demand for generating uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal healthy protein frothing representatives are naturally degradable, safe, and exhibit outstanding compatibility with Rose city cement systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– usually in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam security, water drainage rate, and bubble size, making process control during hydrolysis crucial for constant performance.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (normally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented right into a foam generator, the protein service develops a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie resists coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically robust interfacial layer strengthened with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high growth ratios (typically 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage rates (
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